Rise and Fall: Revealing the Reasons for the Collapse of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (Set of Three Volumes)

"Mongol Empire" In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire swept across the Eurasian continent like a whirlwind. Its rise and development also brought us many mysteries: What were the internal driving forces and external conditions for the Mongolian expansion? How did Mongolia grow rapidly from a local government with a population of less than 2 million to an unstoppable empire? How did the Mongolian conquests interact with those powerful countries with glorious civilizations? Focusing on these issues, the author excavated Chinese and Western historical documents and combined the research results of domestic and foreign scholars to give his own understanding. The Mongolian war of conquest accelerated exchanges in the flow of products, population migration, and cultural dissemination between the ancient Eastern and Western worlds. "Jinyiwei" This book examines the creation and evolution of Jinyiwei within the historical background of the Ming Dynasty. Taking the development of Jinyiwei as the longitude and the replacement of emperors in the Ming Dynasty as the weft, it outlines the relationship between the demands for imperial power and the development trajectory of Jinyiwei in each period. Jinyiwei was founded during the Ming Dynasty. Its main task was to maintain etiquette and discipline in order to meet Zhu Yuanzhang's urgent need for "correct discipline", "legislation of etiquette", "name naming" and "clear orders" at the beginning of the founding of the country. As the situation developed, Jin Yiwei was gradually given various new functions: managing prisons, conducting diplomatic missions, arresting traitors and robbers, supervising courtiers, etc. The needs of imperial power also strongly affected the development of East Factory and West Factory. Imperial power, Jinyiwei, and East-West factories were intertwined in the course of history. In the late Ming Dynasty, factory guards even began to be involved in party disputes among courtiers, becoming an important force in them. "Fragments of the Late Qing Dynasty" Since the Qing Dynasty, China has had frequent contacts and collisions with Western countries. Beginning with Macartney's visit to China in 1793, Western countries collected a large amount of intelligence about the Qing Dynasty's political economy and society through trading companies, missionaries, diplomats and other channels, and used it in subsequent military conflicts (such as the Opium War, the invasion of the British and French forces, etc.) To achieve the purpose of aggression. Based on precious reports from Western media over the past century, and combined with original Chinese historical materials such as "Records of the Qing Dynasty" and "The Imperial Code of the Qing Dynasty", the author tells a picture of the Qing Dynasty gradually falling behind, declining and even collapsing in its interactions with Western powers.