From Shogunate to Official: the Transformation and Troubles of the Foreign Official System in the Qing Dynasty
About This Novel
The reform of the official system in the late Qing Dynasty changed the original "internal and external maintenance" pattern to a top-down focus, which was an important part of the transformation of modern political systems. The overall goal of the reform is to imitate the West and transition from an autocratic monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. The Qing court tried to lay a constitutional foundation for official governance through official system reform, and then refreshed the official system and proposed a political platform; however, the reform led to serious irregularities in the ruling order, sharp social conflicts, and the Qing court's rapid demise. Its shortcomings are mainly that the monarchs and ministers only care about their own selfish interests, obstruct reforms, and cannot respond to the interests of all aspects of society. The outcome is also very different from their expectations.
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